Bashar Assad: How a novice eye doctor and his minority family ruled Sunni-majority Syria for half a century

The Assad household’s rule over Syria, which lasted for greater than half a century, has come to a dramatic finish after a decade-long bloody civil warfare. Insurgent forces breached the regime’s seat of energy in Damascus, prompting President Bashar al-Assad, an ophthalmologist, to flee. This marks the collapse of the Assad household’s long-standing rule over the nation.

A Legacy Constructed by Assad’s Father Hafez al-Assad

Hafez al-Assad, the architect of contemporary Syria, got here to energy by way of a coup on November 13, 1970. At a time when Syria was affected by political instability and frequent coups, Hafez, an Alawite, rose to prominence because the commander of the Syrian Air Power and Minister of Defence. His technique of divide-and-rule, exploiting Syria’s ethnic and spiritual divisions, helped him consolidate energy. Hafez elevated the Alawite minority, historically marginalized, to key positions within the army and authorities, guaranteeing their loyalty and reinforcing his management.Underneath his regime, Syria skilled important political shifts. The Alawite group, making up round 12-15 p.c of Syria’s inhabitants, turned the first help base of the Assad regime. This loyalty was partly because of the alternatives Hafez offered to the Alawites, notably inside the army and safety providers.

Bashar al-Assad’s Inherited Rule

After Hafez’s dying in 2000, his son Bashar, a comparatively inexperienced ophthalmologist, assumed the presidency. Initially, there have been hopes that Bashar would introduce reforms, however these hopes rapidly light as he inherited his father’s authoritarian system. His early makes an attempt to exchange his father’s allies along with his personal loyalists remoted him from Syria’s rural inhabitants, additional weakening state establishments.

Bashar’s consolidation of energy concerned putting his inside circle, together with his brother Maher and cousin Rami Makhlouf, in key positions. Whereas Bashar’s rule introduced financial progress, it was accompanied by rising inequality, widespread poverty, and corruption. By the 2010s, the nation’s deteriorating financial scenario fueled discontent, notably after a devastating drought compelled many rural Syrians into city areas.

Syria Civil Struggle

Bashar al-Assad’s repressive techniques, first evident throughout his father’s brutal crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood in 1982, continued when peaceable protests erupted in Syria in 2011. The federal government’s violent response to those protests escalated right into a full-scale civil warfare. With help from Russia, Iran, and Iranian-backed militias, Assad’s authorities regained management of many main cities. Nonetheless, massive components of the nation stay outdoors authorities management, and the battle has claimed over half one million lives and displaced tens of millions.The warfare in Syria, which started as a pro-democracy rebellion, has drawn in quite a few regional and world powers. Regardless of Assad’s efforts to carry onto energy, massive areas stay underneath insurgent management, and the nation stays deeply fragmented.

Who’re Syrian Rebels?

Among the many insurgent forces, teams similar to Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), which advanced from the Al-Nusra Entrance, performed a major function. HTS, initially affiliated with al-Qaeda, broke ties with the terrorist group in 2016. Regardless of this, many worldwide our bodies nonetheless contemplate HTS an al-Qaeda affiliate. This alliance with jihadist teams has sophisticated the battle, drawing in numerous world actors.